A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Some technical means required for effective extraction are also presented, for example, collection and treatment of plant and drying and storage of plant. Scientific assessment of ephedra species ephedra spp. By adopting the processes such as alkalization, extraction with xylene and extraction with oxalic acid, tedious processes in the prior art can be simplified, and high purity ephedrine can be quickly and effectively extracted.
The ephedra extract is extremely effective in the weight loss field, as a suppressant, as well as in promoting weight loss and energy. Eh is a component of kampo japanese traditional herbal medicine formulae for the treatment of headaches. Not considered as the preferred treatment but is used to treat narcolepsy and obesity ephedrine is a decongestant and bronchodilator ma huang plant also known as ephedra sinica is the source where ephedrine is extracted from. It is included in a number of pharmacopeias including the chinese, german. Separation and determination of ephedrine alkaloids and. Different extraction methods also yield different quantities of active compounds. Ephedra sinica in the practice of traditional chinese. Hurlbut and carr developed an hplc procedure utilizing solidphase extraction spe to quantify ephedrine alkaloids in dietary supplements 9.
Ephedra ephedra sinica plant profiler sigmaaldrich. Meyer, or ephedra equisetina bunge ephedraceae in the japanese pharmacopoeia 16th edition jp16. Medicinal products for cold symptoms and as appetite suppressants are another source of ephedra alkaloids. So far swip has found out that the best way to extract the alkaloids from the plat matter is either of the following. The sample is extracted with ethyl ether and submitted to gcms for identification and quantitation without derivatization. Ephedra species and preparations from ephedra species6 and ephedrine7 are prescription drugs annex i, amvv. In conjunction with an aoac task group on dietary supplements, a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry lcmsms method was validated for measurement of 6 major alkaloids in raw ephedra sinica herb, ephedra extracts, ephedra tablets, complex dietary supplements containing ephedra, and a highprotein drink mix containing. Taking the shorter runtime an d good resolution into consideration, 25 mm borate buffer solution was selected an d the maximum resolution was obtained. Determination of ephedrine alkaloids in botanicals and dietary.
According to the 2015 edition of the chinese pharmacopoeia, mahuang is dry stems of ephedra sinica stapf, e. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant ephedra sinica. What is the difference between ephedra and ephedra extract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, screening the phytogenic chemical compounds, and to assess the alkaloids present in the e. The invention relates to an extraction process of ephedrine, and belongs to the technical field of extraction of effective components in traditional chinese medicines. The leafless stems are pale green when young and olive brown with age. Several additional species belonging to the genus ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of indoiranian religion. Separation of three ephedra alkaloids using gcms analysis by kira tokarz abstract ephedra, a plant extract, is known to contain six alkaloidsephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, and methylpseudoephedrine. A new method involving concurrent solidphase microextraction combined with continuous hydrodistillation of essential oil was developed. Occasionally, an ovulate flower may be replaced by a staminal flower, and thus the strobilus becomes bisporangiate as in e. Separation and quantification of component monosaccharides o f cold watersoluble polysaccharides from ephedra sinica by mecc with photodiode array detector 465 concentrations. Ephedra sinica, ephedra intermediaand ephedra distachyavar. Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant.
Ma huang ephedra scenically referred to as ephedra sinica has been used for years as an antisleep herb. Ephedrine is used for temporary relief of shortness of breath. In the present work, the extraction and isolation of ephedrae polysaccharides was performed by cold water and ethanol precipitation to yield crude polysaccharide, then the sevag method was used to remove protein components after redissolution of the crude polysaccharides. These two alkaloids were first prepared by nagai 3 and merck 4 respectively. Opportunity and challenges in application of extraction methods are also exhibited in the chapter. The residue was filtered out using a commercially available tea server. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements containing ephedra sinica mahuang as determined by high performance liquid chromatography b.
Antioxidant activity was analyzed by using 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazylhydrate assay. Based on this metabolomic recognition, one of nine commercial ephedra materials evaluated was shown to be a mixture of ephedra species. Pdf selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using. Ephedra extract contain active and inert compounds that are found in the plant. Ephedra sinica, known as ma huang, is one of the oldest medicinal herbs in traditional chinese medicine tcm. Method for separating ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf at a high yield, and adjuvant for enhancing immunity containing ephedrine as an active ingredient download pdf. Request pdf chemical variation in the essential oil ofephedra sinica from northeastern china hydrodistillated volatile oils of ephedra sinica stapf. Chemical variation in the essential oil ofephedra sinica.
The process of extracting ephedra herbage in a constant electric field has been studied. How to extract ephedrine from the ma huang plant quora. The present invention relates to a method for isolating ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf, which is a representative medicinal herb, at a high yield, and to an adjuvant for enhancing immunity containing the ephedrine as an active ingredient. Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine. The parts of the plant above the ground are collected. Pdf the effect of modifiers has been investigated on the sfe efficiencies of ephedrine.
Cleaner production of ephedrine from ephedra sinica stapf. Ephedra sinica or mahuang is an evergreen shrub native to central asia. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are active constituents of e. Of these six alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are present in. Chiral separation of ephedrine alkaloids from ephedra sinica extract. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine are mainly due to its action as a sympathicomimetic compound. Efficiently prepared ephedrine alkaloidsfree ephedra herb. A simple, sensitive, and reliable method using gas chromatography gcmass spectrometry ms is developed for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine alkaloids and 2,3,5,6tetramethylpyrazine tmp in ephedra sinica stapf. It has been shown that the application of an electric field considerably accelerates the isolation of the alkaloid molecules from the cellulose of the plant raw material. The method was successively applied to the determination of the ephedrine enantiomers in the chinese herbal extract from ephedra sinica and its medicinal. A new uplcmsms method for the characterization and. Ephedra sinica, a species of ephedra ma huang, contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which have been found to induce central nervous system stimulation, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction with ephedrine toxicity associated with stroke, myocardial infarction and sudden death ma huang has been used in traditional chinese medicine for. When it comes to ephedra, the alkaloids of ephedrine in the plant matter are in its natural free base form, and is soluble in most solvents.
Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2. Wo2012011619a1 method for separating ephedrine from. The effect of modifiers has been investigated on the sfe efficiencies of ephedrine derivatives e. Steam distillationsolidphase microextraction for the. A new highlight of ephedra alata decne properties as. Ephedra herb terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica, scutellaria root root of scutellaria baicalensis, and kampo formulas that contain several crude drugs including ephedra herb and scutellaria root were powdered, and then immersed in hot water to extract the ingredients. The chapter presents mainly on different extraction methods of tannin. Ephedra is dioecious, and the two sex organs are present on different plants. Commission e of the federal health bureau has assessed ephedra haulm, consisting of the dried young switches of ephedra sinica, ephedra shennungiana or similar ephedra species harvested in autumn and preparations in effective doses. Pdf separation and determination of ephedrine alkaloids. Among the modifiers employed, methanol containing 10% vv of diethylamine showed greater enhancement of sfe efficiency for ephedrine derivatives than any.
The recommended daily dose is between 12 and 75 mg in relation to the ephedra alkaloids. Ephedra sinica in tcm ephedra is a commonly used herb in chinese medicine for thousands of years, being included as one of more than 360 herbs on the first herbal compendium written more than 2,000 years ago. Having both the e drug contents and the cytotoxicity data, an optimal extraction process was identified in which a. Gardner contribution from departments of pharmaceutics and pharmacy practice, college of pharmacy, university of arkansas for medical sciences, 4301 west markham street. Jennas simple, high yeilding ephedra extraction, stimulants and rhodium ephedra. Metabolic fingerprinting of ephedra species using hnmr. Unlike commonly used herbs such as radix astragali, zingiberis rhizoma, and radix ginseng. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2, diethylamine, and methanol. Pdf selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra. Ephedra sinica ephedraceae the ephedra plant belongs to the gnetum family gnetaceae. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica. Mahuang is a traditional chinese medicinal herb derived from ephedra sinica stapf and other ephedra species, used to treat asthma, nose and lung congestion, and fever with anhidrosis.
Separation and quantification of component polysaccharides. Witkamp, in comprehensive natural products ii, 2010. When react the raw product from a crude ephedra extraction, you will get a product which contains most methamphetamin and a little amphetamine and. Male and female flowers are found on separate plants. It has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years. This new methodology allowed for the detection by gcms of very small amounts of a diagnostic peak for the authentication of ephedra sinica, in a short period of time and using only small sample sizes. Ephedra sinica also known as chinese ephedra or ma huang is a plant species native to mongolia, russia buryatiya, chita, primorye, and northeastern china gansu, hebei, heilongjiang, jilin, liaoning, nei mongol, ningxia, shaanxi, shanxi see also. This method is made easier than taking the herb in plain water or inform of powder directly. Ephedrinetype alkaloid content of nutritional supplements.
To facilitate the extraction procedure, the container was placed. Cytotoxicity assessment of mahuang ephedra under different. Ephedra herb eh is officially defined as the terrestrial stem of ephedra sinica stapf, ephedra intermedia schrenk et c. The main kinetic characteristics of the electroextraction of the total alkaloids as functions of various factors. Mahuang is a traditional chinese medicinal herb derived from ephedra sinica stapf and. Selective extraction of ephedrine from ephedra sinica using mixtures of co2, diethylamine, and methanol article pdf available in chromatographia 5011. The process provided by the invention comprises the following steps. Ephedra usspecific page on ephedrinecontaining dietary supplements. The inventors of the present invention performed a process at an ultrahigh pressure to efficiently obtain ephedrine from ephedra.
1373 160 614 59 1337 189 401 1 673 524 629 1608 267 417 1074 1542 1409 381 1470 1266 38 851 459 145 155 385 899 636 953 307